Samples were preheated at 100 °C for 3 min and applied to the wells along with the molecular weight standard (7-175 kDa, BioLabs P7709S). Angulo Y, Chaves E, Alape A, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B. For the biochemical characterization of the protein, 1D and 2D SDS-PAGE were performed, along with phospholipase activity assays on synthetic substrates, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and sequencing by Edman degradation. 2. 3); the protein was then named PocTX.

Arch Biochem Biophys. After sequencing by Edman degradation (10 μg), the sequence was compared to other snake venom PLA, Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-018-0143-1, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992011000400003. P. occidentalis feeds on insect prey (such as caterpillars), carbohydrate sources, and nectar found in nearby locations. C-: negative control – distilled water. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. 2012/1), the Ethics Committee of FCFRP-USP (protocol no. 0000007900 00000 n 0000014403 00000 n Special emphasis is placed on the proximate mechanisms, ultimate functions and evolution of ecological adaptations of behavior. The 2D electrophoresis consisted of two steps: isoelectric focusing and 1D SDS-PAGE. The phospholipase activity was determined using a solution of 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy-benzoic acid (4N3OBA) (Enzo Life Sciences, USA) as substrate diluted in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0, 10 mM CaCl2 and 100 mM NaCl and kept refrigerated until it was used. 0000001772 00000 n

For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions RDS, AMK, RGS, LAC, AMS was responsible for the design of the work, supervised all experiments and drafted the manuscript.

This information is corroborated by Torres et al. ©2000-2020 ITHAKA.

[ Links ], 2. [ Links ], 6. The phospholipases commonly found in wasp venoms are PLA1, PLA2 and PLB, which are involved in diverse adverse effects during envenoming [1–3].
Toxicon. 0000013085 00000 n Int J Biochem Cell Biol. The release of attack behavior requires an appropriate visual stimulus. The isolation of a protein in wasp venoms with similarity with snake venom toxins shows how many gaps remain to be filled in the evolution of animal toxins. Facilitation of phospholipase A2 activity by mastoparans, a new class of mast cell degranulating peptides from wasp venom.


2013;5(3):235–9. This demonstrates that many organisms may share components regarded as impassable among phylogenetically distinct species. Inhibition of acute nociceptive responses in rats after i.c.v. 1999;367(1):26–32. 102/ 2009) and received the Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appreciation (CAAE: 14204413.5.0000.0011). 1 Purification of PocTX. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology publishes reviews, original contributions and commentaries dealing with quantitative empirical and theoretical studies in the analysis of animal behavior on the level of the individual, population and community.

1998;36(1):189–99.

Keywords: Wasp; Polybia occidentalis; PocTX; PLA2 homologue. In bees, this enzyme is the main allergen of the venom, constituting 10-12% of their dry weight [5, 6]. 0000005209 00000 n PocTX is distinct from other PLA2s isolated from wasps and Hymenoptera venoms (Asp49 PLA2s or enzymatically active) since it showed no identity with proteins isolated and described for this order to date. PLA2s from snakes and hymenopterans are involved in many pathophysiological effects in the event of envenoming. Torres AFC, Huang C, Chong CM, Leung SW, Prieto-da-Silva ARB, Havt A, et al. Mortari MR, Cunha AOS, Carolino ROG, Coutinho-Netto J, Tomaz JC, Lopes NP, et al. Toxicon.

Myotoxic, neurotoxic and hemolytic activities and hemostatic and kidney disorders have been reported [8, 24–30]. Toxicon. 2011;58(4):647–59. We disturbed the Polybia nests by first tapping on the side of [ Links ], 15. Fig. 0000006674 00000 n


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