[102], The Ludi Plebei took place in November in the Circus Flaminius. [103] Falls es sich bei dem silex um ein zu Opferzwecken verwendetes Steinmesser gehandelt hat, kommen als Material nur Feuerstein und Obsidian in Frage. [202] Scipio himself claimed that only he would rise to the mansion of the gods through the widest gate. The couple itself though cannot be reduced to a Greek apport. Erst mit der Gleichsetzung der griechischen mit den römischen Göttern wurden auch die Erzählungen der griechischen Mythologie übertragen, wobei Jupiter mit Zeus gleichgesetzt wurde.
In Greek and Roman religion, instead, the homonymous gods *Diou- and Διϝ- evolved into atmospheric deities; by their mastery of thunder and lightning, they expressed themselves and made their will known to the community. The inscriptions from the imperial age record the festival back to the time of the decemvirs. [198][199] probably referring to the Lar Familiaris. Der Kult wurde später von der Aquincumer Bevölkerung übernommen. Juni einen Altarstein für Teutanus errichten, der mit dem Iuppiter Optimus Maximus identifiziert wurde.[32][33].
[216] Wissowa sets the position of Iuppiter Liber within the framework of an agrarian Jupiter. tr. Victoria appears first on the reverse of coins representing Venus (driving the quadriga of Jupiter, with her head crowned and with a palm in her hand) during the first Punic War. Life of Jupiter Birth. At last, he found a book by Numa recording a secret rite on how to evoke Iuppiter Elicius. Auf dem Dach befand sich als Akroterion ein Bildnis von Jupiter, der eine Quadriga lenkt. [279] While these last gods seem to be the Penates of Jupiter, Jupiter himself along with Juno and Minerva is one of the Penates of man according to some authors. Dius Fidius would thus correspond to Zeus Pistios. Das iu in Iuppiter und der Name Zeus gehen auf dieselbe indoeuropäische Wurzel *diu für „hell“ zurück, welche die Haupteigenschaft Jupiters (bzw. [136] In Rome this cult entailed the existence of particular sanctuaries the most important of which were located on Mons Capitolinus (earlier Tarpeius).
Demnach gelang es König Numa Pompilius mit Unterstützung der Nymphe Egeria und der Götter Picus und Faunus, Jupiter aus dem Himmel „herabzuziehen“ (d. h. einen magischen Gotteszwang zu bewirken) und ihn zu veranlassen, Numa die Mittel und Riten der Blitzsühnung zu verraten. They had a temple in Rome at the foot of the Velian Hill, near the Palatine, in which they were represented as a couple of male youth. Jupiter (or Zeus in his more common Greek form) was the god of the heavens and lightening in Roman mythology. [203], Among the Etruscan Penates there is a Genius Iovialis who comes after Fortuna and Ceres and before Pales. Nur die tagsüber erfolgten Blitzschläge wurden Jupiter selbst zugeordnet, die nächtlichen einer ihm eng verbundenen Gottheit namens Summanus.
[269] Dumézil noted the presence of the two minor sovereign deities Bagha and Aryaman beside the Vedic sovereign gods Varuna and Mitra (though more closely associated with Mitra); the couple would be reflected in Rome by Terminus and Iuventas.
Nach diesem Stein wurde der Gott des Heiligtums auch Jupiter Lapis („Jupiter vom Stein“) genannt. This sacrifice occurred rito humano, which may mean "with the rite appropriate for human sacrifice". Seine Attribute sind ein Bündel von Blitzen in der Hand und der ihn begleitende Adler als Zeichen der Macht; oft wird er thronend dargestellt. [95] The Poplifugia was a "primitive military ritual" for which the adult male population assembled for purification rites, after which they ritually dispelled foreign invaders from Rome. In der Lehre, in Lateinwörterbüchern, allgemeinen Lexika und mythologischer Fachliteratur, in populären Texten etc. Wissowa considers the epithet Dianus noteworthy. Later Roman antiquarians misinterpreted the Regifugium as marking the expulsion of the monarchy, but the "king" of this festival may have been the priest known as the rex sacrorum who ritually enacted the waning and renewal of power associated with the New Year (March 1 in the old Roman calendar). [76], The nundinae recurred every ninth day, dividing the calendar into a market cycle analogous to a week.
Market days gave rural people (pagi) the opportunity to sell in town and to be informed of religious and political edicts, which were posted publicly for three days. As a nation the Romans honoured the Penates publici: Dionysius calls them Trojan gods as they were absorbed into the Trojan legend. Die Änderung der Terminologie wurde von der germanischen Altertumswissenschaft nicht nachvollzogen; daher wird beispielsweise in deutschsprachigen vorgeschichtlichen Arbeiten weiterhin vorwiegend „Jupiter“ geschrieben.
[21] For instance, the flamen may remove his clothes or apex (his pointed hat) only when under a roof, in order to avoid showing himself naked to the sky—that is, "as if under the eyes of Jupiter" as god of the heavens. [112][113] Dieus is the etymological equivalent of ancient Greece's Zeus and of the Teutonics' Ziu (genitive Ziewes). [82] When the grapes were ripe,[83] a sheep was sacrificed to Jupiter and the flamen Dialis cut the first of the grape harvest. [53], Jupiters Verwandlungskünste beschränken sich jedoch nicht auf ihn selbst, er verwandelt beispielsweise den Kureten Celmis in Stahl, um ihm Unsterblichkeit zu verleihen,[54] seinem Sohn Aeacus zum Schutz gegen Juno ein Ameisenvolk zum Volk der Myrmidonen[55] oder Io in eine Kuh. They could not start campaigning before its end and if any part of the games had been neglected or performed unritually the Latiar had to be wholly repeated. The god manifested his discontent through the prodigy of a rain of stones: the commission sent by the Roman senate to inquire was also greeted by a rain of stones and heard a loud voice from the grove on the summit of the mount requesting the Albans perform the religious service to the god according to the rites of their country. in der Nähe des Circus Flaminius erbaut. The augures publici, augurs were a college of sacerdotes who were in charge of all inaugurations and of the performing of ceremonies known as auguria. Dumézil argues th… The games were attributed to Tarquinius Priscus,[100] and linked to the cult of Jupiter on the Capitol. The three-function hypothesis of Indo-European society advanced by Dumézil holds that in prehistory, society was divided into three classes (priests, warriors and craftsmen) which had as their religious counterparts the divine figures of the sovereign god, the warrior god and the civil god. The divine couple received from Greece its matrimonial implications, thence bestowing on Juno the role of tutelary goddess of marriage (Iuno Pronuba). [23] Das Heiligtum wurde am 1. [15] Capitoline Jupiter found himself in a delicate position: he represented a continuity of royal power from the Regal period, and conferred power on the magistrates who paid their respects to him; at the same time he embodied that which was now forbidden, abhorred, and scorned. The most honest matronae were supposed to publicly crown the phallus with flowers, to ensure a good harvest and repeal the fascinatio (evil eye). [60] The festival was reestablished on its primitive site by the last Roman king Tarquin the Proud under the leadership of Rome. [78], During the Republican era, more fixed holidays on the Roman calendar were devoted to Jupiter than to any other deity. The arrow is an ambivalent symbol; it was used in the ritual of the devotio (the general who vowed had to stand on an arrow). [146], More recently Dario Sabbatucci has given a different interpretation of the meaning of Stator within the frame of his structuralistic and dialectic vision of Roman calendar, identifying oppositions, tensions and equilibria: January is the month of Janus, at the beginning of the year, in the uncertain time of winter (the most ancient calendar had only ten months, from March to December). The role of Jupiter in the conflict of the orders is a reflection of the religiosity of the Romans. The sovereign function (embodied by Jupiter) entailed omnipotence; thence, a domain extended over every aspect of nature and life. Several emblems of the fetial office pertain to Jupiter. To thank him for his help (and to secure his continued support), they offered him a white ox (bos mas) with gilded horns. Festus s.v. When Hieron of Syracuse presented a golden statuette of the goddess to Rome, the Senate had it placed in the temple of Capitoline Jupiter among the greatest (and most sacred) deities. [111] In this view, Jupiter is the god of heaven and retains his identification with the sky among the Latin poets (his name is used as a synonym for "sky". She’s rotating very slowly, and she’s rotating the wrong way. Augustine concludes that Jupiter should be considered the genius of the universe. Jupiter, as a sovereign god, was considered as having the power to conquer anyone and anything in a supernatural way; his contribution to military victory was different from that of Mars (god of military valour). Sacred wine was obtained by the natural fermentation of juice of grapes free from flaws of any type, religious (e. g. those struck by lightning, brought into contact with corpses or wounded people or coming from an unfertilised grapeyard) or secular (by "cutting" it with old wine). Jupiter in seiner kriegerischen Rolle war der Kult des Jupiter Stator („der Flucht hemmende Jupiter“ bzw. temple of Ceres. [49] Auch liebt er den schönen Jüngling Ganymedes, den er in Adlergestalt von der Erde weg raubt und als Mundschenk auf den Olymp versetzt. [196], G. Wissowa advanced the hypothesis that Semo Sancus is the genius of Jupiter. Ein weiterer Kult galt dem Jupiter Fulgur („Jupiter Blitz“) mit Heiligtum auf dem Campus Martius, bei dem Jupiter in Gestalt des Blitzes verehrt wurde. Die Spolia opima war die Rüstung eines feindlichen Heerführers, die ihm in der Schlacht von einem römischen Heerführer abgenommen wurde. Gérard Capdeville "Les dieux de Martianus Capella" in, Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire, Selected Poems: Keats: Keats By John Keats. Hier endete die Prozessionsstraße Via sacra und hier befand sich die Beobachtungsstätte der Auguren, von der aus sie den Flug der Vögel verfolgten.
Two of the votive inscriptions to Fortuna associate her and Jupiter: " Fortunae Iovi puero..." and "Fortunae Iovis puero..."[180], In 1882 though R. Mowat published an inscription in which Fortuna is called daughter of Jupiter, raising new questions and opening new perspectives in the theology of Latin gods. [278] According to Varro the Penates reside in the recesses of Heaven and are called Consentes and Complices by the Etruscans because they rise and set together, are twelve in number and their names are unknown, six male and six females and are the cousellors and masters of Jupiter. [22] Dieser Tempel auf dem Südhügel des Kapitols wurde besonders aufwändig gestaltet mit Wänden aus Marmorquadern und reichem Bildschmuck. Als Jupiter Pluvius[4] („der Regnende“) wurde er zur Beendigung sommerlicher Dürren angerufen. [30], The action of the fetials falls under Jupiter's jurisdiction as the divine defender of good faith. So, she hid Jupiter in a cave and swaddled a stone in infant clothing, which she gave to Saturn. [86], At the Vinalia urbana on April 23, new wine was offered to Jupiter. Your email address will not be published. August) und vermutlich auch die Meditrinalia am 11. Name. [18], Jupiter was served by the patrician Flamen Dialis, the highest-ranking member of the flamines, a college of fifteen priests in the official public cult of Rome, each of whom was devoted to a particular deity. One was held on September 13, the anniversary of the foundation of Jupiter's Capitoline temple. [6]