. As noted earlier, the most important roles in an ecosystem of a foundation species are unrelated to its being either a consumer or a resource (e.g., Kendrick et al., 2015, Case et al., 2017, Bulleri et al., 2018, Record et al., 2018; Figures 2 and 3). FJ Bertness Anthelme RJ

Augustine Wulff Terrados Using examples from diverse ecosystems, we illustrate the prevalence of multiple-foundation-species assemblages and hypothesize that the nature of foundation-species interactions has important consequences for community structure. F Bertness For instance, palo verde trees buffer the evaporative stress on the obligate foundation species, saguaro cacti, in the Sonoran Desert (Turner et al. Yakovis In addition to being both dominant species (productive organisms that garner a disproportionate share of resources and competitively exclude subordinate species) and autogenic ecosystem engineers (organisms that change abiotic and biotic conditions through their own physical structure), foundation species have strong, positive effects on many other organisms in the community. 2003) and has provoked comprehensive reviews of facilitative interactions in a wide range of ecosystems (Callaway 1995, Stachowicz 2001, Maestre et al. . Dawson

. AH

Despite a common pool of species, shoreline community composition varies widely across hydrodynamic stress gradients in New England as a consequence of foundation-species interactions shifting from competitive interactions along wave-protected coasts to facilitative interactions along wave-battered cobble beaches. Turner CG Riginos Jones 4. JP Wolf In addition, foundation-species productivity will have important implications for the strength of habitat modification (species with more biomass should be stronger modifiers) and will thus have the potential to facilitate other foundation species or associated organisms. JH Serafy CM

Bertness Although many studies have demonstrated competition between dominant, habitat-forming space holders (e.g., tropical forests, coral reefs, salt marshes), how competitive interactions among foundation species influence habitat complexity, diversity, and community organization have been quantified or inferred in relatively few.

MD Hays A In addition to strategies to prevent further loss of foundation species, we suggest a more proactive approach to restoration that prioritizes reestablishing foundation-species assemblages to degraded ecosystems as a means to restore stable, diverse communities. Silent Scourge: Microplastics in Water, Food, and Air: Changing Disturbance Regimes: The New Normal?

H Consequently, we anticipate that patterns in the strength and direction of foundation-species interactions mirror classic ecological interactions among species that are not foundation species. Orth BM

CM Gillanders 6. In this example and potentially many other ecosystems in which consumers selectively browse young and vulnerable species, the associational defenses provided by grazer-resistant foundation species may be essential to the long-term stability of the community and a provision of key ecosystem services. Rogers-Bennett

. Beck They show a great effect on the composition of communities in an ecosystem. In addition to the abundance of associated organisms, the diversity and overall stability of the cobble-beach community are maintained through facilitation cascades in which an independent, stress- tolerant foundation species (e.g., cordgrass) facilitates a second, dependent foundation species (e.g., ribbed mussels) to provide complementary levels of complexity (i.e., small and large crevices, hard and soft substrates) and to enhance stress amelioration (Altieri et al. Y-M AJ Seagrass meadows are frequently mixed stands of Thalassia, Zostera, and Enhalus species, which vary in their structural characteristics and functional traits (Duarte et al.

Knowlton L

They physically modify the environment and produce and maintain habitats that benefit other organisms in the ecosystem. JD Varfolomeeva 1995); and mixed stands of Australian kelp are more common and harbor more diverse benthic assemblages than do monospecific patches (Irving et al. Bazterrica

2007, Riginos 2009) and temporally over foundation-species ontogenies or fluctuations in their productivity (McAuliffe 1984, Hay 1986) and, therefore, do not necessarily fall neatly into these categories. 2001, Faunce and Serafy 2008). 2009). Such gradients in environmental stress, such as wave energy along coastlines or moisture and temperature variation across altitudes, are ubiquitous in natural environments and create an underlying basis for foundation-species segregation (Crain and Bertness 2006). While some influences invariably arise from organismal energy and material uptake and waste production, many organisms alter physical structure and change chemical reactivity in ways that are independent of their assimilatory or dissimilatory influence. Foster Similarly, along thousands of kilometers of Caribbean coastline, networks of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) roots provide essential nursery habitat for juvenile snappers, grunts, barracuda, and other fishes and physically guard these populations from larger predators (Beck et al. Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nutrients, competition and plant zonation in a New England salt marsh, Below-ground competition between trees and grasses may overwhelm the facilitative effects of hydraulic lift, Refining the stress-gradient hypothesis for competition and facilitation in plant communities, Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using, Longevity of fallen epiphytes in a Neotropical montane forest, Sahuaro-nurse tree associations in the Sonoran Desert: Competitive effects of sahuaros, Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment, Faunal communities in seagrass beds: A review of the influence of plant structure and prey characteristics on predator-prey relationships, Local versus landscape-scale effects of savanna trees on grasses.
@media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } Bruno Christine Angelini (choldredge@ufl.edu) is a graduate student, and Brian R. Silliman (brs@ufl.edu) is a professor, at the University of Florida. 1966], mussels within seagrass [Valentine and Heck 1993], clams within macroalgal beds [Gribben et al.

de Kroon 1984, Heck et al.

2000); coral reefs are composed of multiple encrusting and branching clonal organisms, whose growth forms operate in concert to form complex biogenic reef structures and to promote species diversity (Knowlton and Jackson 2001); Costa Rican cloud forests intermix palm- to bamboo-dominated communities with increasing altitude, with cascading effects on associated flora and fauna (Kappelle et al. .

Heck

AM Mitchell Jr


TJ Degree in Plant Science, M.Sc. Orth …


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