place was calculated to be considerably stronger than steel. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.

in free ether the ether — also appears as bearer of electromagnetic fields. The accuracy of their result was 10 km/sec. Formerly, Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Thus Lorentz succeeded in reducing all electromagnetic happenings to Maxwell's equations for free space. Thus the physicists were bound to arrive at the theory of the "quasi-rigid " luminiferous ether, the parts of which can carry out no movements relatively to one another except the small movements of deformation which correspond to light-waves. a fixed frame. One such scientist is H. Aspden, who claims that the

Science, XXXIV, P. 333.

It is also compatible with Hammar's and Michelson–Morley experiment, as the aether is completely dragged by the large mass of earth. The fundamental facts of mechanics do not harmonize with this view. of bodies in our universe. promotes the idea that light are particles that travel in rarefractions “ Modern science has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy. is the aether density in the environment, this either would change for angles that ranged from light was traveling {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}} You'd think that the ether would be the first and most intuitive explanation for the constancy of c. But! But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic [ 24 ] of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. Saunders and H. R. Brown, editors, The Philosophy of Vacuum, 1991, p. 251. However, the following quotes suggest a different story. Mach's idea finds its full development in the ether of the general theory of relativity. On this basis, he can

33. can be written as of polarization, even though it consists of discrete particles. However, this leads to the same problem that already afflicted Fresnel's model: it stood in contradiction with the Michelson–Morley experiment.

role of the interferometer was to detect whether a beam of light, split The other one was proposed by George Stokes in 1845, in which the aether is completely entrained within or in the vicinity of matter. For whereas they previously had required of a conclusive theory that it should content itself with the fundamental concepts which belong exclusively to mechanics (e.g. capable of giving it thought. This page was last edited on 30 March 2011, at 13:38. The electromagnetic fields appear as ultimate, irreducible realities, and at first it seems superfluous to postulate a homogeneous, isotropic ether-medium, and to envisage electromagnetic fields as states of this medium.
”
For the mechanical behaviour of a corporeal system hovering freely in empty space depends not only on relative positions (distances) and relative velocities, but also on its state of rotation, which physically may be taken as a characteristic not appertaining to the system in itself. This is known as the Fresnel drag coefficient. If Maxwell's statement is This space-time variability of the reciprocal relations of the standards of space and time, or, perhaps, the recognition of the fact that "empty space" in its physical relation is neither homogeneous nor isotropic, compelling us to describe its state by ten functions (the gravitation potentials gμν), has, I think, finally disposed of the view that [ 19 ] space is physically empty. This philosophy, as we know, used the word “ether” to designate the particular kind of matter that filled the universe. But on the other hand there is a weighty argument to be adduced in favour of the ether hypothesis. hypothesis."                   —Louis de Broglie, “Waves and Particles,” Physics Bulletin, 22, February 1971. We have some wonderful ideas waiting to be tested. The speed of light did not depend on the motion of the source, as had been widely assumed. ” The career of electromagnetic processes in vacua appears to be completely determined by these equations, uninfluenced by other physical quantities. Omissions? is the velocity of the prism with respect to the aether. Since according to our present conceptions the elementary particles of matter are also, in their essence, nothing else than condensations of the electromagnetic field, our present view of the universe presents two realities which are completely separated from each other conceptually, although connected causally, namely, gravitational ether and electromagnetic field, or — as they might also be called — space and matter. Maxwell derived his electric and magnetic field equations from his technique Think of waves on the surface of water.

Subsequent studies with large particle accelerators have now led us to understand that space is more like a piece of window glass than ideal Newtonian emptiness. c Relativity actually says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of matter pervading the universe, only that such matter must have relativistic symmetry. [ 21 ] In this case the universe must of necessity be spatially unbounded and of finite magnitude, its magnitude being determined by the value of that mean density. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.

https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Ether_and_the_Theory_of_Relativity&oldid=2625717, Page breaks with number indicated on the left, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

” A second type of medium results from our experience of seeing bodies

He realised that the velocity of propagation of waves depends on the density of the medium so proposed that the velocity of light in the prism would need to be adjusted by an amount of 'drag'.

But this effect is orders of magnitude weaker than any "aether drag" discussed in this article. at right angles to the transverse light wave. The notion of an (almost) stationary aether is also consistent with stellar aberration. “ "Certainly, from the standpoint of the special theory of relativity, the ether hypothesis appears at first to be an empty hypothesis. How does it come about that alongside of the idea of ponderable matter, which is derived by abstraction from everyday life, the physicists set the idea of the existence of another kind of matter, the ether? of medium is required from the noninterference of the ether with motions It also seemed to be a necessary consequence of the fact that light is capable of polarisation that this medium, the ether, must be of the nature of a solid body, because transverse waves are not possible in a fluid, but only in a solid. An ether signifies a fixed frame of reference that scientists can use in their measurements of the universe. or not ether exists, but I think that we should think seriously about what to reflect half the light and allow the remaining half to be transmitted)



portion of the solid have to snap the ether back. wave passes through the ether, that portion of the ether has to be distorted The ether does not exist at all.

[1][16], Since Lorentz was forced to abandon Stokes' hypothesis, he chose Fresnel's model as a starting point.                   —"Space Must Be Quantizied", Robert Moon, professor emeritus in physics at University of Chicago, 21st Century, 1988, p. 26, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism/Part IV/Chapter XX, http://wiki.tfes.org/index.php?title=Aether&oldid=15967, a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. He thus started to adhere to this new ether. motion of the earth through space.

This hypothesis, to be sure, did not at first bring with it any advance in the theory of gravitation or in physics generally, so that it became customary to treat Newton's law of force as an axiom [ 6 ] not further reducible. The ether of the general theory of relativity is a medium which is itself devoid of all mechanical and kinematical qualities, but helps to determine mechanical (and electromagnetic) events. is, in a sinusoidal up and down (or sideways) motion. The [1][2][3], In 1810, François Arago realised that variations in the refractive index of a substance predicted by the corpuscular theory would provide a useful method for measuring the velocity of light. way- it seems reasonable to assume that ether is nothing more than an extremely For we may picture the field to ourselves as consisting of lines of force. Since, according to the General Theory of Relativity and other modern branches of physics, the space and time of the universe do not constitute a vacuum, but a structured material plenum characterized by different physical quantities, the historical and traditional word “ether” is the most appropriate to express these features of the universe. Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity If such an ether exists, then the speed of light depends on the direction of Earth's motion.


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